Soy - cardiovascular disease cancer menopause osteoporosis bone health performance nutrition references

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Scientific References

Cardiovascular Disease Scientific References
Anderson JW, Johnstone BM, Cook-Newell ME. Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids. N Engl J Med 1995;333:276-282.

Anthony MS, Clarkson TB, Bullock BC, Wagner JD. Soy protein versus soy phytoestrogens in the prevention of diet-induced coronary artery atherosclerosis of male cynomolgus monkeys. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 1997;17:2524-2531.

Anthony MS, Clarkson TB, Hughes CL Jr., et al. Soybean isoflavones improve cardiovascular risk factors without affecting the reproductive system of peripubertal rhesus monkeys. Journal of Nutrition 1996;126:43-50.

Balmir F, Staack R, Jeffrey E, et al. An extract of soy flour influences serum cholesterol and thyroid hormones in rats and hamsters. J Nutr 1996;126:3046-3053.

Baum JA, Teng H, Erdman JW Jr, et al. Long-term intake of soy protein improves blood lipid profiles and increases mononuclear cell low-density-lipoprotein receptor messenger RNA in hypercholesterolemic, postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:545-551.

Crouse JR III, Morgan TM, Terry JG, et al. A randomized trial comparing the effect of casein with that of soy protein containing varying amounts of isoflavones on plasma concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:2070-2076.

Erdman, J.W., Jr. Soy protein and cardiovascular disease: A statement for healthcare professionals from the nutrition committee of the AHA. Circulation 2000;102(20):2555-9.

Figtree, G. A., H. Griffiths, et al. Plant-derived estrogens relax coronary arteries in vitro by a calcium antagonistic mechanism. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35(7): 1977-85.

Greaves KA, Parks JS, Williams JK, Wagner JD. Intact dietary soy protein, but not adding an isoflavone-rich soy extract to casein, improves plasma lipids in ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys. J Nutr 1999;129:1585-1592.

Greaves KA, Wilson MD, Rudel LL, et al. Consumption of soy protein reduces cholesterol absorption compared to casein protein alone or supplemented with an isoflavone extract or conjugated equine estrogen in ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys. J Nutr 2000;130:820-826.

Honore EK, Williams JK, Anthony MS, Clarkson TB. Soy isoflavones enhance coronary vascular reactivity in atherosclerotic female macaques. Fertil Steril 1997;67:148-154.

Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Garsetti M, et al. Effect of soy protein foods on low-density lipoprotein oxidation and ex vivo sex hormone receptor activity - a controlled crossover trail. Metabolism 2000;49(4):537-543.

Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Vidgen E, et al. The effect of serum lipids and oxidized low-density lipoprotein of supplementing self-selected low-fat diets with soluble-fiber, soy, and vegetable protein foods. Metabolism 2000;49(1):67-72.

Kapiotis S, Hermann M, Held I, et al. Genistein, the dietary-derived angiogenesis inhibitor, prevents LDL oxidation and protects endothelial cells from damage by atherogenic LDL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:2868-2874.

Kritchevsky D. Dietary protein and experimental atherosclerosis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993;676:180-187.

Lo GS, Goldberg AP, Lim A, et al. Soy fiber improves lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in primary hyperlipidemic subjects. Atherosclerosis 1986;62:239-248.

Lovati MR, Manzoni C, Canavesi A, et al. Soybean protein diet increases low density lipoprotein receptor activity in mononuclear cells from hypercholesterolemic patients. J Clin Invest 1987;80:1498-1502.

Lovati MR, Manzoni C, Corsini A, et al. Low density lipoprotein receptor activity is modulated by soybean globulins in cell culture. J Nutr 1992;122:1971-1978.

Merz-Demlow, B. E., A. M. Duncan, et al. Soy isoflavones improve plasma lipids in normocholesterolemic, premenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(6): 1462-1469.

Nestel PJ, Yamashita T, Sasahara T, et al. Soy isoflavones improve systemic arterial compliance but not plasma lipids in menopausal and perimenopausal women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:3392-3398.

Nevala, R., T. Vaskonen, et al. Soy based diet attenuates the development of hypertension when compared to casein based diet in spontaneously hypertensive rat. Life Sci 2000;66(2): 115-24.

Peluso, M. R., T. A. Winters, et al. A Cooperative Interaction between Soy Protein and Its Isoflavone-Enriched Fraction Lowers Hepatic Lipids in Male Obese Zucker Rats and Reduces Blood Platelet Sensitivity in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats (,2). J Nutr 2000;130(9): 2333-2342.

Potter SM, Bakhit RM, Essex-Sorlie DL, et al. Depression of plasma cholesterol in men by consumption of baked products containing soy protein. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;58:501-506.

Potter SM, Jimenez-Flores R, Pollack J, et al. Protein-saponin interaction and its influence on blood lipids. J Agric Food Chem 1993;41:1287-1291.

Potter SM, Baum JA, Teng H, et al. Soy protein and isoflavones: their effects on blood lipids and bone density in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68(suppl):1375S-1379S.

Raines EW, Ross R. Biology of atherosclerotic plaque formation: possible role of growth factors in lesion development and the potential impact of soy. J Nutr 1995;125(suppl):624S-630S.

Roy DM, Schneeman BO. Effect of soy protein, casein and trypsin inhibitor on cholesterol, bile acids and pancreatic enzymes in mice. J Nutr 1981;111:878-885.

Sanchez A, Hubbard RW. Plasma amino acids and the insulin/glucagon ratio as an explanation for the dietary protein modulation of atherosclerosis. Med Hypotheses 1991;35:324-329.

Sirtori CR, Lovati MR, Manzoni C, et al. Soy and cholesterol reduction: clinical experience. J Nutr 1995;125(suppl):598S-605S.

Sugano M, Goto S, Yamada Y, et al. Cholesterol-lowering activity of various undigested fractions of soybean protein in rats. Journal of Nutrition 1990;120:977-985.

Sugano M, Yamada Y, Yoshida K, et al. The hypocholesterolemic action of the undigested fraction of soybean protein in rats. Atherosclerosis 1988;72:115-122.

Tasker TE, Potter SM. Effects of dietary protein source on plasma lipids, HMG CoA reductase activity, and hepatic glutathione levels in gerbils. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 1993;4:458-462.

Teixeira, S. R., S. M. Potter, et al. Effects of feeding 4 levels of soy protein for 3 and 6 wk on blood lipids and apolipoproteins in moderately hypercholesterolemic men. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(5): 1077-84.

Tikkanen MJ, W?¤h?¤l?¤ K, Ojala S, et al. Effect of soybean phytoestrogen intake on low density lipoprotein oxidation resistance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 1998;95:3106-3110.

Tsai AC, Mott EL, Owen GM, et al. Effects of soy polysaccharide on gastroinestinal functions, nutrient balance, steroid excretions, glucose tolerance, serum lipids, and other parameters in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1983;38:504-511.

van Raaij JMA, Katan MB, Hautvast JGAJ, Hermus RJJ. Effects of casein versus soy protein diets on serum cholesterol and lipoproteins in young healthy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:1261-1271.

Wagner JD, Cefalu WT, Anthony MS, et al. Dietary soy protein and estrogen replacement therapy improve cardiovascular risk factors and decrease aortic cholesteryl ester content in ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys. Metabolism 1997;46:698-705.

Wangen, K. E., A. M. Duncan, et al. Soy isoflavones improve plasma lipids in normocholesterolemic and mildly hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73(2): 225-231.

Washburn S, Burke GL, Morgan T, Anthony M. Effect of soy protein supplementation on serum lipoproteins, blood pressure, and menopausal symptoms in perimenopausal women. Menopause 1999;6:7-13.

Wilcox JN, Blumenthal BF. Thrombotic mechanisms in atherosclerosis: potential impact of soy proteins. Journal of Nutrition 1995;125(suppl): 631S-638S.

Cancer Scientific References
Armstrong, W.B., Kennedy, A.R., Wan, X.S., Taylor, T.H., Nguyen, Q.A., Jensen, J., et al (2000) Clinical modulation of oral leukoplakia and protease activity by Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate in a phase IIa chemoprevention trial. Clin Cancer Res. 6: 4684-4691.

Aronson, W.J., Tymchuk, C.N., Elashoff, R.M., McBride, W.H., McLean, C., Wang, H. and Heber, D. (1999) Decreased growth of human prostate LNCaP tumors in SCID mice fed a low-fat, soy protein diet with isoflavones. Nutr Cancer. 35: 130-136.

Billings, P.C., Newberne, P.M. and Kennedy, A.R. (1990) Protease inhibitor suppression of colon and anal gland carcinogenesis induced by dimethylhydrazine. Carcinogenesis (Lond.). 11: 1083-1086.

Bylund, A., Zhang, J.X., Bergh, A., Damber, J.E., Widmark, A., Johansson, A., et al (2000) Rye bran and soy protein delay growth and increase apoptosis of human LNCaP prostate adenocarcinoma in nude mice. Prostate. 42: 304-314.

Constantinou, A.I., Xu, H., Cunningham, E., Lantvit, D.D. and Pezzuto, J.M. (2001) Consumption of soy products may enhance the breast cancer-preventive effects of tamoxifen. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res. 42: Abstract #4440.

Fritz, W.A., Coward, L., Wang, J. and Lamartiniere, C.A. (1998) Dietary genistein: perinatal mammary cancer prevention, bioavailability and toxicity testing in the rat. Carcinogenesis. 19: 2151-2158.

Goodman, M.T., Wilkens, L.R., Hankin, J.H., Lyu, L.C., Wu, A.H. and Kolonel, L.N. (1997) Association of soy and fiber consumption with the risk of endometrial cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 46: 294-306.

Greenlee, R.T., Murray, T., Bolden, S. and Wingo, P.A. (2000) Cancer Statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 50. Greenlee, R.T., Hill-Harmon, M.B., Murray, T. and Thun, M. (2001) Cancer Statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 51: 15-36.

Hakkak, R., Korourian, S., Shelnutt, S.R., Lensing, S., Ronis, M.J. and Badger, T.M. (2000) Diets containing whey proteins or soy protein isolate protect against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors in female rats. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 9: 113-117.

Hebert, J.R., Hurley, T.G., Olendzki, B.C., Teas, J., Ma, Y. and Hampl, J.S. (1998) Nutritional and socioeconomic factors in relation to prostate cancer mortality: a cross-national study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 90: 1637-1647.

Kennedy, A.R., Beazer-Barclay, Y., Kinzler, K.W. and Newberne, P.M. (1996) Suppression of carcinogenesis in the intestines of min mice by the soybean-derived Bowman-Birk inhibitor. Cancer Res. 56: 679-682.

Kolonel, L.N., Hankin, J.H., Whittemore, A.S., Wu, A.H., Gallagher, R.P., Wilkens, L.R., et al (2000) Vegetables, fruits, legumes and prostate cancer: a multiethnic case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 9: 795-804.

Koratkar, R. and Rao, A.V. (1997) Effect of soya bean saponins on azoxymethane-induced preneoplastic lesions in the colon of mice. Nutr Cancer. 27: 206-209.

Le Marchand, L., Hankin, J.H., Wilkens, L.R., Kolonel, L.N., Englyst, H.N. and Lyu, L.C. (1997) Dietary fiber and colorectal cancer risk. Epidemiology. 8: 658-665.

Li, D., Yee, J.A., McGuire, M.H., Murphy, P.A. and Yan, L. (1999) Soybean isoflavones reduce experimental metastasis in mice. J Nutr. 129: 1075-1078.

Messina, M. and Barnes, S. (1991) The role of soy products in reducing risk of cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 83: 541-546.

Ohta, T., Nakatsugi, S., Watanabe, K., Kawamori, T., Ishikawa, F., Morotomi, M., et al (2000) Inhibitory effects of Bifidobacterium-fermented soy milk on 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis, with a partial contribution of its component isoflavones. Carcinogenesis. 21: 937-941.

Onozawa, M., Kawamori, T., Baba, M., Fukuda, K., Toda, T., Sato, H., et al (1999) Effects of a soybean isoflavone mixture on carcinogenesis in prostate and seminal vesicles of F344 rats. Jpn J Cancer Res. 90: 393-398.

Pollard, M. and Wolter, W. (2000) Prevention of spontaneous prostate-related cancer in Lobund-Wistar rats by a soy protein isolate/isoflavone diet. Prostate. 45: 101-105.

Shamsuddin, A.M., Elsayed, A.M. and Ullah, A. (1988) Supression of large intestinal cancer in F344 rats by inositol hexaphophate. Carcinogenesis. 9: 577-580.

Shinchi, K., Ishii, H., Imanishi, K. and Kono, S. (1997) Relationship of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and dietary habits with Helicobacter pylori infection in Japanese men. Scand J Gastroenterol. 32: 651-655.

Shu, X.O., Jin, F., Dai, Q., Wen, W.Q., Potter, J.D., Kushi, L.H., et al (2001) Soyfood Intake during Adolescence and Subsequent Risk of Breast Cancer among Chinese Women. Cancer Epid Biomarkers Prev. 10: 483-488.

Takezaki, T., Gao, C.M., Ding, J.H., Liu, T.K., Li, M.S. and Tajima, K. (1999) Comparative study of lifestyles of residents in high and low risk areas for gastric cancer in Jiangsu Province, China; with special reference to allium vegetables. J Epidemiol. 9: 297-305.

Thiagarajan, D.G., Bennink, M.R., Bourquin, L.D. and Kavas, F.A. (1998) Prevention of precancerous colonic lesions in rats by soy flakes, soy flour, genistein, and calcium. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68: 1394S-1399S.

Wakai, K., Ohno, Y., Genka, K., Ohmine, K., Kawamura, T., Tamakoshi, A., et al (1999) Risk modification in lung cancer by a dietary intake of preserved foods and soyfoods: findings from a case-control study in Okinawa, Japan. Lung Cancer. 25: 147-159.

Wang, W. and Higuchi, C.M. (2000) Dietary Soy Protein Is Associated with Reduced Intestinal Mucosal Polyamine Concentration in Male Wistar Rats. J Nutr. 130: 1815-1820.

Witte, J.S., Longnecker, M.P., Bird, C.L., Lee, E.R., Frankl, H.D. and Haile, R.W. (1996) Relation of vegetable, fruit, and grain consumption to colorectal adenomatous polyps. Am J Epidemiol. 144: 1015-1025.

Wu, A.H., Ziegler, R.G., Horn-Ross, P.L., Nomura, A.M., West, D.W., Kolonel, L.N., et al (1996) Tofu and risk of breast cancer in Asian-Americans. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 5: 901-906.

Yan, L., Yee, J.A. and Li, D. (2000) Soy protein isolate and spontaneous metastasis of mammary carcinoma cells in mice. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res. 41: 573.

Yan, L., Yee, J.A., McGuire, M.H. and Graef, G.L. (1997) Effect of dietary supplementation of soybeans on experimental metastasis of melanoma cells in mice. Nutr Cancer. 29: 1-6.

Zaizen, Y., Higuchi, Y., Matsuo, N., Shirabe, K., Tokuda, H. and Takeshita, M. (2000) Antitumor effects of soybean hypocotyls and soybeans on the mammary tumor induction by N-methyl-n-nitrosourea in F344 rats. Anticancer Res. 20: 1439-1444.

Zheng, W., Dai, Q., Custer, L.J., Shu, X.O., Wen, W.Q., Jin, F. and Franke, A.A. (1999) Urinary excretion of isoflavonoids and the risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 8: 35-40.

Zhou, J.R., Mukherjee, P., Gugger, E.T., Tanaka, T., Blackburn, G.L. and Clinton, S.K. (1998) Inhibition of murine bladder tumorigenesis by soy isoflavones via alterations in the cell cycle, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 58: 5231-5238.

Zhou, J.R., Gugger, E.T., Tanaka, T., Guo, Y., Blackburn, G.L. and Clinton, S.K. (1999) Soybean phytochemicals inhibit the growth of transplantable human prostate carcinoma and tumor angiogenesis in mice. J Nutr. 129: 1628-1635.

Menopause Scientific References
Albertazzi P, Pansini F, Bonaccorsi G, et al. The effect of dietary soy supplementation on hot flashes. Obstet Gynecol 1998;91:6-11.

Knight DC, Eden JA. Phytoestrogens-a short review. Maturitas 1995;22: 167-175.

Lock M. Menopause: lessons from anthropology. Psychosom Med 1998; 60:410-419.

Washburn S, Burke GL, Morgan T, Anthony M. Effect of soy protein supplementation on serum lipoproteins, blood pressure, and menopausal symptoms in perimenopausal women. Menopause 1999;6:7-13.

Bone Health Scientific References
Alekel, D.L.,A.S. Germain, et al. Isoflavone-rich soy protein isolate attentuates bone loss in the lumbar spine of perimenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72(3):844-52.

Anderson JJB, Ambrose WW, Garner SC. Biphasic effects of genistein on bone tissue in the ovariectomized, lactating rat model. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1998;217:345-350.

Arjmandi BH, Alekel L, Hollis BW, et al. Dietary soybean protein prevents bone loss in an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis. J Nutr 1996;126:161-167.

Arjmandi BH, Birnbaum R, Goyal NV, et al. Bone-sparing effect of soy protein in ovarian hormone-deficient rats is related to its isoflavone content. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68(suppl):1364S-1368S.

Blair HC, Jordan SE, Peterson TG, Barnes S. Variable effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on avian osterclastic activity and reduction of bone loss in ovariectomized rats. J Cell Biochem 1996;61:629-637.

Breslau NA, Brinkley L, Hill KD, Pak CYC. Relationship of animal protein-rich diet to kidney stone formation and calcium metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;66:140-146.

Cline JM, Paschold JC, Anthony MS, et al. Effects of hormonal therapies and dietary soy phytoestrogens on vaginal cytology in surgically postmenopausal macaques. Fertil Steril 1996;65:1031-1035.

Foth D, Cline JM. Effects of mammalian and plant estrogens on mammary glands and uteri of macaques. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68(suppl):1413S-1417S.

Kotsopoulos, D.,F.S. Dalais, et al. The effects of soy protein containing phytoestrogens on menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2000;(3): 161-167.

Kuiper GG, Carlsson B, Grandien K, et al. Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Endocrinology 1997;138:863-870.

Pan, Y., M. Anthony, et al. Soy phytoestrogens improve radial arm maze performance in ovariectomized retired breeder rats and do not attenuate benefits of 17beta-estradiol treatment. Menopause 2000;7(4): 230-5.

Potter SM, Baum JA, Teng H, et al. Soy protein and isoflavones: their effects on blood lipids and bone density in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68(suppl):1375S-1379S.

St. Germain, A., C. T. Peterson, et al. Isoflavone-rich or isoflavone-poor soy protein does not reduce menopausal symptoms during 24 weeks of treatment. Menopause 2001;8(1): 17-26.

Wangen, K. E., A. M. Duncan, et al. Effects of soy isoflavones on markers of bone turnover in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85(9): 3043-8.

Washburn S, Burke GL, Morgan T, Anthony M. Effect of soy protein supplementation on serum lipoproteins, blood pressure, and menopausal symptoms in perimenopausal women. Menopause 1999;6:7-13.

Performance Nutrition Scientific References
Dragan, I., Georgescu, E., Iosub, T., Baloescu, R. (1993) Studies regarding some beneficial effects of SUPRO® isolated soy protein supply in top swimmers. (Kyoto, Japan: Xth FINA World Sport Medicine Congress). p.35.

Dragan, I., Stroescu, V., Stoian, I., Georgescu, E., & Baloescu, R. (1992) Studies regarding the efficiency of SUPRO® isolated soy protein in Olympic athletes. Rev Roum Physiol 29: 63-70.

Husaini, M. A., Moeloek, D., Salimar, Utami, S., Tilarso, H. (1999) The effects of SUPRO® dietary supplementation on anthropometry and VO2 Max (Seoul, Korea: 8th Asian Nutrition Congress).

Rossi, A. L., Blostein-Fujii, A., & DiSilvestro, R. A. (2000) Soy beverage consumption by young men: increased plasma total antioxidant status and decreased acute, exercise-induced muscle damage. Journal of Nutraceuticals, Functional & Medical Foods 3: 33-44.

Shilstone, M. (1997) Observing the effects of a performance nutrition and conditioning program on professional athletes A clinical study. Journal of the American Medical Athletic Association 11: 6-9.

Stroescu, V., Dragan, I. (1994) Studies on biological preparation of endurance in top athletes consuming SUPRO PLUS® 675 supplement (Athens, Greece: XXVth FIMS World Congress of Sports Medicine). abst. 313.

Stroescu, V., Dragan, I., Simionescu, L., Stroescu, O. V. (1996) Metabolic and hormonal responses in elite female gymnasts undergoing strenuous training and supplementation with SUPRO® brand isolated soy protein (Brussels, Belgium: Second International Symposium on the Role of Soy In Preventing and Treating Chronic Disease). p.38.

Stroescu, V., Dragan, I., Simionescu, L., Stroescu, O. V. (2001) Hormonal and metabolic response in elite female gymnasts undergoing strenuous training and supplementation with SUPRO® brand isolated soy protein. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 41: 89-94.

Protein Quality Scientific References
FAO/WHO. Protein Quality Evaluation Report of Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations;1989 Dec 4-8, FAO Food and Nutrition Paper No. 51.

Henley EC, Kuster JM. Protein quality evaluation by protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scoring. Food Tech 1994;48:74-77.


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